Organic farming is that method of agriculture, in which long-term and stable production is achieved without polluting the land, water and air while maintaining a clean natural balance of the environment. In this method chemicals are used sparingly and as per requirement. This method is cheaper, self-supporting and sustainable than chemical farming. In this soil is considered as a living medium. The food of the land is the fossils. Fossil dung, remains of plants and animals, etc., are received in the form of manure to the land. All the nutrients of the plants are obtained by the use of organic fertilizers. Along with this, the outbreak of diseases and pests on the crops grown with their use is very less, due to which there is no need for spraying chemicals, pesticides. The result is that the food grains obtained from crops, Fruits and vegetables are completely free from harmful chemicals. Foods produced using organic manure are more delicious, rich in nutrients and free from chemicals.
For organic farming, it is necessary to use biomass like dung manure (NADP method), vermi compost, organic fertilizers and green manure in the land.

Nadep Compost
A newly developed method of making compost is the Nadep method developed by Narayan Rao Pandri Pade (Nadep Kaka), a farmer from Maharashtra. In Nadep method, compost manure is made by making a stitch on the surface of the ground by mixing field residues and equal quantity of farm soil and cow dung in it. With this method, 30 kg manure is prepared from 01 kg cow dung in four months. Nadep compost is prepared by the following process.

(1). Making a
tank The stitching of Nadep compost should be made at a place where the land is flat and there is no problem of water logging. For the manufacture of tank, the internal measurement should be kept 10 feet long, 6 feet wide and 3 feet deep. Thus the volume of the tank becomes 180 cubic feet. The wall of the stitch should be kept 9 inches wide. The special thing in making the wall is to leave holes in the middle so that the air circulation remains in the tank and the compost material can be cooked easily. A 7-inch hole should be left when joining the third brick after every two bricks. In a wall 3 feet high, holes should be made in the first, third, sixth and ninth row. The inner and outer part of the wall is smeared with cow or buffalo dung. Then the finished stitch should be allowed to dry. Mainly 4 things are required to make pure manure in this type of tank.

First
waste material or waste like dry green leaves, peel, stalk, roots, fine twigs and waste manure etc.
Special care should be taken that plastic / polythene, stone and glass etc. should not be included with these materials. 1500 kg quantity of such waste is required.

Another
100 kg cow or buffalo dung or dung solution from the gas plant.

1750 kg soil of the third dry fine filtered pond or drain. The soil at the place where cow or bull is tied will be very good. The soil must be free from polythene/plastic.

Fourth, the
water requirement largely depends on the season. Where less water is required in rainy season. On the other hand, more water will be required in the summer season. In total, about 1500 to 2000 liters of water is required. Addition of cow urine or other animal urine will increase the quality of nape manure.

(2) Filling of the
suture While filling the suture, special attention should be paid that the process of its filling is completed in a single day. For this it is necessary that at least two tanks should be constructed so that after collecting all the materials, the process of filling the tank can be completed in a single day. The sequence of filling the tank is as follows

Fill the first layer of waste material to a height of 6 inches. In this way, about one quintal is needed in 30 cubic feet of waste materials.

The second layer is of
cow dung solution, for this, in 150 liters of water, 4 kg of cow dung or two and a half times more quantity of cow dung solution obtained from the biogas plant is used. The first layer of this solution created by waste materials is allowed to soak well.

The third layer is
leveled by laying half an inch thick per layer of sifted dry soil on top of the second layer.

Fourth layer
This layer can be called water splash, not actually layer. For this it is necessary that the layers applied in the tank sit properly.

Repeat this sequence successively until the stitch is completely filled. After filling the tank, finally filling it in the shape of 2.5 feet high hut. In this way, after filling the tank, it is coated with a mixture of dung and wet soil. It is often seen that the pit is filled in 10 or 12 layers. If NADEP enhances the quality of compost, then 1.5 kg gypsum, 1.5 kg rock phosphate + one kg urea mixture is spread over half inch soil layers and 100 grams per layer are scattered. After 60 to 70 days after filling the stitch, the culture of Rhizobion + Psb + Azotobacter is made and the mixture is entered through holes.

After 15 to 20 days of filling of the tank, it starts cracking and due to this dissolution, the mixture starts sitting at the bottom of the tank. In such a condition, it should be filled again with the above mentioned method and smeared with the mixture of soil and cow dung in the same way as it was done for the first time. It is essential that the stitch maintains a moisture level of 60 per cent at all times. In this way, Nadep compost is ready for use in 90 to 110 days. About 3.0 to 3.25 tonnes per tank is obtained by making nadep compost and it is sufficient to use it in the fields at the rate of 3.5 tonnes per hectare. The amount of nutrients in this compost is 0.5 to 1.5 percent in the form of nitrogen, 0.5 to 0.9 in the form of phosphorus and 1.2 to 1.4 percent in the form of potash. Nadep Tanka is capable of producing compost to its full potential for 10 years.

To make nadep compost, it costs about two thousand rupees per stitch. If after making 6 stitches, one stitch is filled and compost is made, then the educated and unemployed people living below the poverty line can get economic benefits at the rate of four thousand rupees per month.

2. Vermi
Compost- A good organic fertilizer An important role in the production of vermi compost is that of earthworms, by which this compost is prepared by decomposing / decomposing organic / organic matter. This is called vermi compost or earthworm manure.
Vermicomposting is a more effective method of converting agricultural waste, city and kitchen waste into useful material and reducing environmental pollution.
What organic materials can be used to make vermi compost

(a). Agricultural or crop residues
, straw, husk, sugarcane trench, leaves, weeds, thatch, crop stalks, biogas residue, cow dung etc.

(B). Domestic and urban waste,
vegetable peels and residues, fruit peels and residues, fruit peels and vegetable market waste, food residues etc.

(c) Wastes related to agricultural industry,
vegetable oil research mill, sugar mill, wine industry, seed and food processing industry and residues of coconut industry.

Species of earthworms The species
capable of making compost are mainly 'Isenia fotida' and 'Eu drills eugenie' which are also called red species of earthworm. Apart from this there are also 'Perianix excavatus', 'Lampito mauriti,' Davita kalevi' and Digogaster bolai species which are used in composting but they are less effective than red earthworms.

How to make Vermi Compost In
a high shady place like under a tree or in a garden, make a pit of length, width and depth of 2 m × 2 m × 2 m respectively. In the absence of a pit, a wooden or plastic box of the same size can also be used. On the lower surface of which 10-12 holes should be made for drainage.

Wh-  the bottom brick or layer of 11 cm 0 stone Create then 2.0 cm 0 Murng or madam second layer of sand. Put a layer of fertile soil 15 cm above it and moisten it with light sprinkling of water. After this, leave earthworms at the rate of one kg per pit by adding half-dead cow dung.

b-  Spread 5-10 cm of household waste like vegetable residues, peels, etc., cut crop residues like straw, straw, leaves of hyacinth tree plants etc. on top of it. Keep sprinkling lightly with water as needed for 20-25 days, after that, twice a week, keep adding 5-10 cm of degradable garbage to the bottom of the garbage until the entire pit is filled. Keep sprinkling water daily. The organic matter pile should have about 50 percent moisture. Vermi compost is ready in 6-7 weeks. Spraying of water should be stopped for 2-3 days after the preparation of vermi compost. After this, the manure is removed and dried by putting it in the shade. Then filter it with 2 ml sieve and separate it. This finished compost should have 20-25 percent moisture. Fill this ready compost in required quantity in plastic bags.
Apart from this, air row (window) for the manufacture of vermi compost. It can also be done by the method in which a heap of organic matter is made on the surface of a shady ground. Vermicompost is made by 'reactor' method which is more expensive and technical. The method mentioned above is very simple and can be easily adopted by the farmer.

Preparation of earthworm culture or inaculum
Earthworms move upwards making compost from the bottom of the garbage heap. Is. All earthworms get attracted towards this surface. They are collected by separating them with hand or something, which others use to enter the new pit.

Nutrients of Vermicompost
Vermicompost has more nutrients than other organic fertilizers. It contains Nitrogen 1-1.5 percent, Phosphorus 1.5 percent and Potash 1.5 percent. Apart from this, secondary and subtle elements are also present in it.

Vermicompost should be used for
cereal crops, oilseeds and vegetables at the rate of 5.0 to 6.0 tonnes per hectare. Before sowing, it should be ploughed and mixed in the soil by spreading it in the field. Use at the rate of 200 grams per plant in fruit trees and 3 kg / 10 square meters in grass lawns.

benefits of vermi compost

• The physical and biological properties of the soil are improved.
• Soil structure and ventilation are improved.
• There is an increase in the number of nitrogen fixing bacteria.
• Pollution caused by garbage is controlled.
• Vermi compost provides new employment opportunities in the form of a small cottage industry.
• The quality of fruits, vegetables and food grains increases and their yield also increases.
• It is an effective way to preserve soil health by reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers.

3.
Biofertilizer Biofertilizer is a mixture of specific types of bacteria in a special type of medium, charcoal, soil or dung manure, which makes atmospheric nitrogen available to the plants by fermentation or the insoluble phosphorus available in the soil in a soluble state. converts it to available to plants. Biofertilizers are not a substitute for chemical fertilizers, but they are a supplement. By using them, up to 1/3 quantity of chemical fertilizers is saved.

Classification of Biofertilizers
1. Nitrogen supplementing organic fertilizers

a. Rhizobium organic fertilizer
b. Azotobacter
s. Ajospairilm
the. blue green algae

2. Phosphorus
containing biofertilizers (PSB ) a) Rhizobium biofertilizers
This bacterium is found in small nodules in the roots of all leguminous crops and oilseed crops like soybean and groundnut, which act as co-living nitrogen available in the atmosphere. Provides plants. Rhizobium bacteria are different for different crops. Therefore, culture of the same crop should be used for seed treatment.

b) Azotobacter
This is also a type of bacterium which, living freely on the surface of the root of the plant in the soil, converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia in the presence of oxygen and makes it available to the plants. Its use increases the yield of crops by 10-15 percent. It can be used in all oilseeds, cereals and vegetable crops.

c) Azospirillum
It is also a type of bacterium which, by living near the roots of plants, makes available nitrogen available in the atmosphere to the plants.

d) Blue green algae
Blue green algae are found abundantly in alkaline and neutral soils of hot countries like India. Some of its species convert nitrogen available in the atmosphere into ammonia and provide nitrogen to plants. Blue green algae can be used only in paddy crop. After 8-10 days after transplanting, 10 kg per hectare is sprayed on the standing crop. Water should be kept in the field for three weeks. By using this, about 25-30 kg nitrogen or 50-60 kg urea per hectare can be saved in paddy cultivation.

Phosphorus containing biofertilizer
It is a mixture of live bacteria and some fungi in charcoal, soil or dung manure, which can be used in all types of crops soluble in soluble phosphorus present in the soil and saving about 15-20 kg per hectare amount of phosphorus. can be done.

Application method of biofertilizers
1). Seed treatment method
This is the best method of using organic fertilizers. Boil about 50 grams of jaggery or gum in 1/2 liter of water and mix it well and mix this solution by sprinkling it on 10 kg of seeds, so that it is applied to each seed. Go back up. Then the organic fertilizer is sprinkled and mixed. After this the seeds are dried in a shady place. The treated seeds should be sown immediately after drying.

2). Plant Root Treatment Method: In
rice and vegetable crops whose plants are planted, such as tomato, cauliflower, cabbage, onion, etc., the roots of plants are treated with biofertilizers. For this, one kilogram of organic fertilizer is mixed in 5-7 liters of water in a wide and shallow vessel. After this, after uprooting the plants from the nursery and cleaning the soil from the roots, 50-100 plants are tied in bundles and immersed in the solution of bacterial fertilizer for 10 minutes. After that print it immediately.

3). Tuber Treatment Method
Tubers are treated for the use of bio-fertilizers in crops like sugarcane, potato, ginger, ghuya. One kilogram of organic fertilizer is mixed by dissolving 20-30 liters. After this, after soaking the tubers in the solution for 10 minutes, sowing is done.

4). Soil Treatment Method: After
preparing 5-10 kg of organic fertilizer, 70-100 kg of soil or compost mixture, mix the field at the last plowing.

Precautions in the use of biofertilizers

• Organic fertilizer should always be kept away from sunlight or heat.
• The culture packet should be opened at the time of use.
• The mixture of seeds, seedlings, soil or compost treated by culture should be kept in the shade.
• While using the culture, the date of production, the last date of use, the name of the crop, etc. must be seen written on it.
• Approved culture should be used for certain crop.

Benefits of using organic fertilizers

• Chemical fertilizers and foreign exchange savings.
• To provide nitrogen at about 25-30 kg/ha and phosphorus at 15-20 kg per hectare and improve the physical and chemical conditions of the soil.
• To increase yield by 15-20% in various crops.
• By its use, the germination is quick and the number of buds increases.
• Apart from increasing the yield, sugar in sugarcane, oil in oilseed crops and starch in corn and potato increases.
• Farmers get economic benefits.

4. Green manure and its utility To
increase the fertility of the soil, the process of mixing green vegetation of plants by growing them in the same field or bringing them from another place is called green manure.

Methods of using green manure

• Green manure grown in the same field: The crop is grown in the same field in which the manure is to be applied, it is done by plowing it with a soil turning plow and mixing it with the soil. In this method, crops like Sunai, Dhincha, Guar, Moong, Urd etc. are grown to prepare green manure.
• Green manure to be grown remotely in the field: When crops are grown in other fields and after cutting from there, in the field where green manure is to be given, the soil is plowed by turning plow. In this method, leaves, twigs etc. of trees, plants and shrubs grown in forests or other places are mixed in the field.
• The crops used for green manure are Sanai, Dhincha, Moong, Urd, Moth, Jowar, Cowpea, Junglee, Neel Berseem and Sainji etc.

benefits of green manure

• Green manure improves the physical condition of the soil due to the amount of organic matter in the soil.
• The growth of nitrogen is the glands in the roots of pulse crops used for green manure. Which stabilize nitrogen. As a result, the amount of nitrogen increases. It has been estimated that 60 kg nitrogen per hectare is saved by using dhaincha as green manure and increases the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil, which is essential for sustainable farming.

5. Integrated Pest and Disease Control
The goal of organic farming is not to destroy insects but to control them at an economic level. For this, the experiments of using healthy agriculture, parasitic insects, pheromones and light-enriched insect-eating birds, insect-destroying diseases, frogs etc. have been successful. Neem leaves, seed cake and oil can be used as insecticides. It has been known from scientific research that the extract of cow urine and neem leaves can also be used as a pesticide.

6. Use
of Bio-agents / Bio-pesticides Due to the inclusion of bio-agents / bio-pesticides under integrated pest management, various crops are getting enough success in protection from pests / diseases. The areas where they are being used have not only increased the production, but have achieved substantial success in saving human and environment from pollution.

The use of Trichocard and NPV has been beneficial for the prevention of crops from stem/pod borer pests, it has not only benefited food grains, pulses and oilseed crops, but its use on sugarcane and vegetables has also been beneficial. The use of Trichoderma has started on a large scale for the treatment of thrush, root rot, stem rot and other fungal diseases and its use in seed treatment is also increasing day by day. Bioagents like Trichoderma, Beauveria, Basiana, Pseudomonas, Mentarizium and NPV etc. are being produced in the departmental IPM laboratories of the state. Which are used in the demonstrations and development works organized under the schemes run by the department.

Neem oil and Bt are available as biopesticides and are used to control/manage various pests/diseases. They have sufficient availability in the state. Their use should be ensured under various schemes. Due emphasis should be given on wide publicity of bio-agents/bio-pesticides.